Global patterns of kelp forest change over the past half-century
Identifieur interne : 001E09 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 001E08; suivant : 001E10Global patterns of kelp forest change over the past half-century
Auteurs : Kira A. Krumhansl [Canada] ; Daniel K. Okamoto [Canada] ; Andrew Rassweiler ; Mark Novak ; John J. Bolton [Afrique du Sud] ; Kyle C. Cavanaugh ; Sean D. Connell [Australie] ; Craig R. Johnson [Australie] ; Brenda Konar ; Scott D. Ling [Australie] ; Fiorenza Micheli ; Kjell M. Norderhaug [Norvège] ; Alejandro Pérez-Matus [Chili] ; Isabel Sousa-Pinto [Portugal] ; Daniel C. Reed ; Anne K. Salomon [Canada] ; Nick T. Shears [Nouvelle-Zélande] ; Thomas Wernberg [Australie] ; Robert J. Anderson [Afrique du Sud] ; Nevell S. Barrett [Australie] ; Alejandro H. Buschmann [Chili] ; Mark H. Carr ; Jennifer E. Caselle ; Sandrine Derrien-Courtel [France] ; Graham J. Edgar [Australie] ; Matt Edwards ; James A. Estes ; Claire Goodwin [Royaume-Uni] ; Michael C. Kenner ; David J. Kushner ; Frithjof E. Moy [Norvège] ; Julia Nunn [Royaume-Uni] ; Robert S. Steneck ; Julio Vásquez [Chili] ; Jane Watson [Canada] ; Jon D. Witman ; Jarrett E. K. ByrnesSource :
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America [ 0027-8424 ] ; 2016.
Abstract
Kelp forests support diverse and productive ecological communities throughout temperate and arctic regions worldwide, providing numerous ecosystem services to humans. Literature suggests that kelp forests are increasingly threatened by a variety of human impacts, including climate change, overfishing, and direct harvest. We provide the first globally comprehensive analysis of kelp forest change over the past 50 y, identifying a high degree of variation in the magnitude and direction of change across the geographic range of kelps. These results suggest region-specific responses to global change, with local drivers playing an important role in driving patterns of kelp abundance. Increased monitoring aimed at understanding regional kelp forest dynamics is likely to prove most effective for the adaptive management of these important ecosystems.
Url:
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1606102113
PubMed: 27849580
PubMed Central: 5137772
Affiliations:
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Okamoto</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">School of Resource and Environmental Management, Hakai Institute,<institution>Simon Fraser University</institution>, Burnaby, BC,<country>Canada</country> V5A 1S6;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rassweiler, Andrew" sort="Rassweiler, Andrew" uniqKey="Rassweiler A" first="Andrew" last="Rassweiler">Andrew Rassweiler</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Department of Biological Science,<institution>Florida State University</institution>, Tallahassee,<addr-line>FL</addr-line> 32306;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Novak, Mark" sort="Novak, Mark" uniqKey="Novak M" first="Mark" last="Novak">Mark Novak</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3">Department of Integrative Biology,<institution>Oregon State University</institution>, Corvallis,<addr-line>OR</addr-line> 97331;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bolton, John J" sort="Bolton, John J" uniqKey="Bolton J" first="John J." last="Bolton">John J. Bolton</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff4">Department of Biological Sciences and Marine Research Institute,<institution>University of Cape Town</institution>, 7701 Rondebosch,<country>South Africa</country>;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cavanaugh, Kyle C" sort="Cavanaugh, Kyle C" uniqKey="Cavanaugh K" first="Kyle C." last="Cavanaugh">Kyle C. Cavanaugh</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff5">Department of Geography,<institution>University of California, Los Angeles</institution>,<addr-line>CA</addr-line> 90095;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Connell, Sean D" sort="Connell, Sean D" uniqKey="Connell S" first="Sean D." last="Connell">Sean D. Connell</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff6">Southern Seas Ecology Laboratories, The Environment Institute,<institution>The University of Adelaide</institution>, Adelaide, SA 5005,<country>Australia</country>;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Johnson, Craig R" sort="Johnson, Craig R" uniqKey="Johnson C" first="Craig R." last="Johnson">Craig R. Johnson</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff7">Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies,<institution>University of Tasmania</institution>, Hobart, 7001 TAS,<country>Australia</country>;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Konar, Brenda" sort="Konar, Brenda" uniqKey="Konar B" first="Brenda" last="Konar">Brenda Konar</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff8">College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences,<institution>University of Alaska</institution>, Fairbanks,<addr-line>AK</addr-line> 99775;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ling, Scott D" sort="Ling, Scott D" uniqKey="Ling S" first="Scott D." last="Ling">Scott D. 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Norderhaug</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff10"><institution>Norwegian Institute for Water Research</institution>, 0349 Oslo,<country>Norway</country>;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Norvège</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Perez Matus, Alejandro" sort="Perez Matus, Alejandro" uniqKey="Perez Matus A" first="Alejandro" last="Pérez-Matus">Alejandro Pérez-Matus</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff11">Subtidal Ecology Laboratory and Marine Conservation Center, Estación<institution>Costera de Investigaciones Marinas</institution>, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 114-D, Santiago,<country>Chile</country>;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Chili</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sousa Pinto, Isabel" sort="Sousa Pinto, Isabel" uniqKey="Sousa Pinto I" first="Isabel" last="Sousa-Pinto">Isabel Sousa-Pinto</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff12">Interdisciplinary Centre for Marine and Environmental Research, 4450-208 Matosinhos,<country>Portugal</country>;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Portugal</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff13">Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences,<institution>University of Porto</institution>, 4169-007 Porto,<country>Portugal</country>;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Portugal</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Reed, Daniel C" sort="Reed, Daniel C" uniqKey="Reed D" first="Daniel C." last="Reed">Daniel C. Reed</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff14">Marine Science Institute,<institution>University of California, Santa Barbara</institution>,<addr-line>CA</addr-line> 93106;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Salomon, Anne K" sort="Salomon, Anne K" uniqKey="Salomon A" first="Anne K." last="Salomon">Anne K. Salomon</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">School of Resource and Environmental Management, Hakai Institute,<institution>Simon Fraser University</institution>, Burnaby, BC,<country>Canada</country> V5A 1S6;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shears, Nick T" sort="Shears, Nick T" uniqKey="Shears N" first="Nick T." last="Shears">Nick T. Shears</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff15">Leigh Marine Laboratory, Institute of Marine Science,<institution>The University of Auckland</institution>, Auckland 0941,<country>New Zealand</country>;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Nouvelle-Zélande</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wernberg, Thomas" sort="Wernberg, Thomas" uniqKey="Wernberg T" first="Thomas" last="Wernberg">Thomas Wernberg</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff16">Oceans Institute,<institution>University of Western Australia</institution>, Perth, WA 6009,<country>Australia</country>;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff17">School of Biological Sciences,<institution>University of Western Australia</institution>, Perth, WA 6009,<country>Australia</country>;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Anderson, Robert J" sort="Anderson, Robert J" uniqKey="Anderson R" first="Robert J." last="Anderson">Robert J. Anderson</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff4">Department of Biological Sciences and Marine Research Institute,<institution>University of Cape Town</institution>, 7701 Rondebosch,<country>South Africa</country>;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff18"><institution>Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries</institution>, Roggebaai 8012,<country>South Africa</country>;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Barrett, Nevell S" sort="Barrett, Nevell S" uniqKey="Barrett N" first="Nevell S." last="Barrett">Nevell S. Barrett</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff7">Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies,<institution>University of Tasmania</institution>, Hobart, 7001 TAS,<country>Australia</country>;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Buschmann, Alejandro H" sort="Buschmann, Alejandro H" uniqKey="Buschmann A" first="Alejandro H." last="Buschmann">Alejandro H. Buschmann</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff19">Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Recursos y Ambientes Costeros,<institution>Universidad de Los Lagos</institution>, Puerto Montt 5480000,<country>Chile</country>;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Chili</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff20">Centro de Biotecnología y Bioingeniería,<institution>Universidad de Los Lagos</institution>, Puerto Montt 5480000,<country>Chile</country>;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Chili</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Carr, Mark H" sort="Carr, Mark H" uniqKey="Carr M" first="Mark H." last="Carr">Mark H. Carr</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff21">Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology,<institution>University of California, Santa Cruz</institution>,<addr-line>CA</addr-line> 95064;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Caselle, Jennifer E" sort="Caselle, Jennifer E" uniqKey="Caselle J" first="Jennifer E." last="Caselle">Jennifer E. Caselle</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff14">Marine Science Institute,<institution>University of California, Santa Barbara</institution>,<addr-line>CA</addr-line> 93106;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Derrien Courtel, Sandrine" sort="Derrien Courtel, Sandrine" uniqKey="Derrien Courtel S" first="Sandrine" last="Derrien-Courtel">Sandrine Derrien-Courtel</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff22">Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle,<institution>Station Marine de Concarneau</institution>, 29182 Concarneau Cedex,<country>France</country>;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Edgar, Graham J" sort="Edgar, Graham J" uniqKey="Edgar G" first="Graham J." last="Edgar">Graham J. 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Moy</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff26"><institution>Institute of Marine Research</institution>, 4817 His,<country>Norway</country>;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Norvège</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nunn, Julia" sort="Nunn, Julia" uniqKey="Nunn J" first="Julia" last="Nunn">Julia Nunn</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff24">Centre for Environmental Data and Recording,<institution>National Museums Northern Ireland</institution>, Holywood, Co. Down BT18 0EU,<country>United Kingdom</country>;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Steneck, Robert S" sort="Steneck, Robert S" uniqKey="Steneck R" first="Robert S." last="Steneck">Robert S. Steneck</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff27">School of Marine Sciences,<institution>University of Maine</institution>, Walpole,<addr-line>ME</addr-line> 04573;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vasquez, Julio" sort="Vasquez, Julio" uniqKey="Vasquez J" first="Julio" last="Vásquez">Julio Vásquez</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff28">Departamento de Biología Marina,<institution>Universidad Católica del Norte</institution>, Coquimbo 1781421,<country>Chile</country>;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Chili</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Watson, Jane" sort="Watson, Jane" uniqKey="Watson J" first="Jane" last="Watson">Jane Watson</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff29">Biology Department,<institution>Vancouver Island University</institution>, Nanaimo, BC,<country>Canada</country> V9R 5S5;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Witman, Jon D" sort="Witman, Jon D" uniqKey="Witman J" first="Jon D." last="Witman">Jon D. Witman</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff30">Ecology and Evolutionary Biology,<institution>Brown University</institution>, Providence,<addr-line>RI</addr-line> 02912;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Byrnes, Jarrett E K" sort="Byrnes, Jarrett E K" uniqKey="Byrnes J" first="Jarrett E. K." last="Byrnes">Jarrett E. K. Byrnes</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff31">Department of Biology,<institution>University of Massachusetts</institution>, Boston,<addr-line>MA</addr-line> 02125</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">27849580</idno><idno type="pmc">5137772</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5137772</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:5137772</idno><idno type="doi">10.1073/pnas.1606102113</idno><date when="2016">2016</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">001C10</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">001C10</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">001A68</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">001A68</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">000890</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Checkpoint">000890</idno><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Corpus">001573</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">001573</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Curation">001551</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" wicri:step="Curation">001551</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Checkpoint">001551</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Checkpoint" wicri:step="PubMed">001551</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Merge">003E75</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Curation">003E75</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Checkpoint">003E75</idno><idno type="wicri:doubleKey">0027-8424:2016:Krumhansl K:global:patterns:of</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Merge">001E06</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Curation">001E09</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Exploration">001E09</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Global patterns of kelp forest change over the past half-century</title><author><name sortKey="Krumhansl, Kira A" sort="Krumhansl, Kira A" uniqKey="Krumhansl K" first="Kira A." last="Krumhansl">Kira A. Krumhansl</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">School of Resource and Environmental Management, Hakai Institute,<institution>Simon Fraser University</institution>, Burnaby, BC,<country>Canada</country> V5A 1S6;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Okamoto, Daniel K" sort="Okamoto, Daniel K" uniqKey="Okamoto D" first="Daniel K." last="Okamoto">Daniel K. Okamoto</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">School of Resource and Environmental Management, Hakai Institute,<institution>Simon Fraser University</institution>, Burnaby, BC,<country>Canada</country> V5A 1S6;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rassweiler, Andrew" sort="Rassweiler, Andrew" uniqKey="Rassweiler A" first="Andrew" last="Rassweiler">Andrew Rassweiler</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Department of Biological Science,<institution>Florida State University</institution>, Tallahassee,<addr-line>FL</addr-line> 32306;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Novak, Mark" sort="Novak, Mark" uniqKey="Novak M" first="Mark" last="Novak">Mark Novak</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3">Department of Integrative Biology,<institution>Oregon State University</institution>, Corvallis,<addr-line>OR</addr-line> 97331;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bolton, John J" sort="Bolton, John J" uniqKey="Bolton J" first="John J." last="Bolton">John J. Bolton</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff4">Department of Biological Sciences and Marine Research Institute,<institution>University of Cape Town</institution>, 7701 Rondebosch,<country>South Africa</country>;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cavanaugh, Kyle C" sort="Cavanaugh, Kyle C" uniqKey="Cavanaugh K" first="Kyle C." last="Cavanaugh">Kyle C. Cavanaugh</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff5">Department of Geography,<institution>University of California, Los Angeles</institution>,<addr-line>CA</addr-line> 90095;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Connell, Sean D" sort="Connell, Sean D" uniqKey="Connell S" first="Sean D." last="Connell">Sean D. Connell</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff6">Southern Seas Ecology Laboratories, The Environment Institute,<institution>The University of Adelaide</institution>, Adelaide, SA 5005,<country>Australia</country>;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Johnson, Craig R" sort="Johnson, Craig R" uniqKey="Johnson C" first="Craig R." last="Johnson">Craig R. Johnson</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff7">Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies,<institution>University of Tasmania</institution>, Hobart, 7001 TAS,<country>Australia</country>;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Konar, Brenda" sort="Konar, Brenda" uniqKey="Konar B" first="Brenda" last="Konar">Brenda Konar</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff8">College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences,<institution>University of Alaska</institution>, Fairbanks,<addr-line>AK</addr-line> 99775;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ling, Scott D" sort="Ling, Scott D" uniqKey="Ling S" first="Scott D." last="Ling">Scott D. Ling</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff7">Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies,<institution>University of Tasmania</institution>, Hobart, 7001 TAS,<country>Australia</country>;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Micheli, Fiorenza" sort="Micheli, Fiorenza" uniqKey="Micheli F" first="Fiorenza" last="Micheli">Fiorenza Micheli</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff9">Hopkins Marine Station,<institution>Stanford University</institution>, Pacific Grove,<addr-line>CA</addr-line> 93950;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Norderhaug, Kjell M" sort="Norderhaug, Kjell M" uniqKey="Norderhaug K" first="Kjell M." last="Norderhaug">Kjell M. Norderhaug</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff10"><institution>Norwegian Institute for Water Research</institution>, 0349 Oslo,<country>Norway</country>;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Norvège</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Perez Matus, Alejandro" sort="Perez Matus, Alejandro" uniqKey="Perez Matus A" first="Alejandro" last="Pérez-Matus">Alejandro Pérez-Matus</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff11">Subtidal Ecology Laboratory and Marine Conservation Center, Estación<institution>Costera de Investigaciones Marinas</institution>, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 114-D, Santiago,<country>Chile</country>;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Chili</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sousa Pinto, Isabel" sort="Sousa Pinto, Isabel" uniqKey="Sousa Pinto I" first="Isabel" last="Sousa-Pinto">Isabel Sousa-Pinto</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff12">Interdisciplinary Centre for Marine and Environmental Research, 4450-208 Matosinhos,<country>Portugal</country>;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Portugal</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff13">Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences,<institution>University of Porto</institution>, 4169-007 Porto,<country>Portugal</country>;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Portugal</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Reed, Daniel C" sort="Reed, Daniel C" uniqKey="Reed D" first="Daniel C." last="Reed">Daniel C. Reed</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff14">Marine Science Institute,<institution>University of California, Santa Barbara</institution>,<addr-line>CA</addr-line> 93106;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Salomon, Anne K" sort="Salomon, Anne K" uniqKey="Salomon A" first="Anne K." last="Salomon">Anne K. Salomon</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">School of Resource and Environmental Management, Hakai Institute,<institution>Simon Fraser University</institution>, Burnaby, BC,<country>Canada</country> V5A 1S6;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shears, Nick T" sort="Shears, Nick T" uniqKey="Shears N" first="Nick T." last="Shears">Nick T. Shears</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff15">Leigh Marine Laboratory, Institute of Marine Science,<institution>The University of Auckland</institution>, Auckland 0941,<country>New Zealand</country>;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Nouvelle-Zélande</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wernberg, Thomas" sort="Wernberg, Thomas" uniqKey="Wernberg T" first="Thomas" last="Wernberg">Thomas Wernberg</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff16">Oceans Institute,<institution>University of Western Australia</institution>, Perth, WA 6009,<country>Australia</country>;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff17">School of Biological Sciences,<institution>University of Western Australia</institution>, Perth, WA 6009,<country>Australia</country>;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Anderson, Robert J" sort="Anderson, Robert J" uniqKey="Anderson R" first="Robert J." last="Anderson">Robert J. Anderson</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff4">Department of Biological Sciences and Marine Research Institute,<institution>University of Cape Town</institution>, 7701 Rondebosch,<country>South Africa</country>;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff18"><institution>Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries</institution>, Roggebaai 8012,<country>South Africa</country>;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Barrett, Nevell S" sort="Barrett, Nevell S" uniqKey="Barrett N" first="Nevell S." last="Barrett">Nevell S. Barrett</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff7">Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies,<institution>University of Tasmania</institution>, Hobart, 7001 TAS,<country>Australia</country>;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Buschmann, Alejandro H" sort="Buschmann, Alejandro H" uniqKey="Buschmann A" first="Alejandro H." last="Buschmann">Alejandro H. Buschmann</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff19">Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Recursos y Ambientes Costeros,<institution>Universidad de Los Lagos</institution>, Puerto Montt 5480000,<country>Chile</country>;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Chili</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff20">Centro de Biotecnología y Bioingeniería,<institution>Universidad de Los Lagos</institution>, Puerto Montt 5480000,<country>Chile</country>;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Chili</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Carr, Mark H" sort="Carr, Mark H" uniqKey="Carr M" first="Mark H." last="Carr">Mark H. Carr</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff21">Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology,<institution>University of California, Santa Cruz</institution>,<addr-line>CA</addr-line> 95064;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Caselle, Jennifer E" sort="Caselle, Jennifer E" uniqKey="Caselle J" first="Jennifer E." last="Caselle">Jennifer E. Caselle</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff14">Marine Science Institute,<institution>University of California, Santa Barbara</institution>,<addr-line>CA</addr-line> 93106;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Derrien Courtel, Sandrine" sort="Derrien Courtel, Sandrine" uniqKey="Derrien Courtel S" first="Sandrine" last="Derrien-Courtel">Sandrine Derrien-Courtel</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff22">Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle,<institution>Station Marine de Concarneau</institution>, 29182 Concarneau Cedex,<country>France</country>;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Edgar, Graham J" sort="Edgar, Graham J" uniqKey="Edgar G" first="Graham J." last="Edgar">Graham J. Edgar</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff7">Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies,<institution>University of Tasmania</institution>, Hobart, 7001 TAS,<country>Australia</country>;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Edwards, Matt" sort="Edwards, Matt" uniqKey="Edwards M" first="Matt" last="Edwards">Matt Edwards</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff23">Department of Biology,<institution>San Diego State University</institution>, San Diego,<addr-line>CA</addr-line> 92182;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Estes, James A" sort="Estes, James A" uniqKey="Estes J" first="James A." last="Estes">James A. Estes</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff21">Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology,<institution>University of California, Santa Cruz</institution>,<addr-line>CA</addr-line> 95064;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Goodwin, Claire" sort="Goodwin, Claire" uniqKey="Goodwin C" first="Claire" last="Goodwin">Claire Goodwin</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff24">Centre for Environmental Data and Recording,<institution>National Museums Northern Ireland</institution>, Holywood, Co. Down BT18 0EU,<country>United Kingdom</country>;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kenner, Michael C" sort="Kenner, Michael C" uniqKey="Kenner M" first="Michael C." last="Kenner">Michael C. Kenner</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff21">Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology,<institution>University of California, Santa Cruz</institution>,<addr-line>CA</addr-line> 95064;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kushner, David J" sort="Kushner, David J" uniqKey="Kushner D" first="David J." last="Kushner">David J. Kushner</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff25"><institution>Channel Islands National Park</institution>, Ventura,<addr-line>CA</addr-line> 93009;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Moy, Frithjof E" sort="Moy, Frithjof E" uniqKey="Moy F" first="Frithjof E." last="Moy">Frithjof E. Moy</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff26"><institution>Institute of Marine Research</institution>, 4817 His,<country>Norway</country>;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Norvège</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nunn, Julia" sort="Nunn, Julia" uniqKey="Nunn J" first="Julia" last="Nunn">Julia Nunn</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff24">Centre for Environmental Data and Recording,<institution>National Museums Northern Ireland</institution>, Holywood, Co. Down BT18 0EU,<country>United Kingdom</country>;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Steneck, Robert S" sort="Steneck, Robert S" uniqKey="Steneck R" first="Robert S." last="Steneck">Robert S. Steneck</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff27">School of Marine Sciences,<institution>University of Maine</institution>, Walpole,<addr-line>ME</addr-line> 04573;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vasquez, Julio" sort="Vasquez, Julio" uniqKey="Vasquez J" first="Julio" last="Vásquez">Julio Vásquez</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff28">Departamento de Biología Marina,<institution>Universidad Católica del Norte</institution>, Coquimbo 1781421,<country>Chile</country>;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Chili</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Watson, Jane" sort="Watson, Jane" uniqKey="Watson J" first="Jane" last="Watson">Jane Watson</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff29">Biology Department,<institution>Vancouver Island University</institution>, Nanaimo, BC,<country>Canada</country> V9R 5S5;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Witman, Jon D" sort="Witman, Jon D" uniqKey="Witman J" first="Jon D." last="Witman">Jon D. Witman</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff30">Ecology and Evolutionary Biology,<institution>Brown University</institution>, Providence,<addr-line>RI</addr-line> 02912;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Byrnes, Jarrett E K" sort="Byrnes, Jarrett E K" uniqKey="Byrnes J" first="Jarrett E. K." last="Byrnes">Jarrett E. K. Byrnes</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff31">Department of Biology,<institution>University of Massachusetts</institution>, Boston,<addr-line>MA</addr-line> 02125</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</title><idno type="ISSN">0027-8424</idno><idno type="eISSN">1091-6490</idno><imprint><date when="2016">2016</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><title>Significance</title><p>Kelp forests support diverse and productive ecological communities throughout temperate and arctic regions worldwide, providing numerous ecosystem services to humans. Literature suggests that kelp forests are increasingly threatened by a variety of human impacts, including climate change, overfishing, and direct harvest. We provide the first globally comprehensive analysis of kelp forest change over the past 50 y, identifying a high degree of variation in the magnitude and direction of change across the geographic range of kelps. These results suggest region-specific responses to global change, with local drivers playing an important role in driving patterns of kelp abundance. Increased monitoring aimed at understanding regional kelp forest dynamics is likely to prove most effective for the adaptive management of these important ecosystems.</p></div></front></TEI><affiliations><list><country><li>Afrique du Sud</li><li>Australie</li><li>Canada</li><li>Chili</li><li>France</li><li>Norvège</li><li>Nouvelle-Zélande</li><li>Portugal</li><li>Royaume-Uni</li></country></list><tree><noCountry><name sortKey="Byrnes, Jarrett E K" sort="Byrnes, Jarrett E K" uniqKey="Byrnes J" first="Jarrett E. K." last="Byrnes">Jarrett E. K. Byrnes</name><name sortKey="Carr, Mark H" sort="Carr, Mark H" uniqKey="Carr M" first="Mark H." last="Carr">Mark H. Carr</name><name sortKey="Caselle, Jennifer E" sort="Caselle, Jennifer E" uniqKey="Caselle J" first="Jennifer E." last="Caselle">Jennifer E. Caselle</name><name sortKey="Cavanaugh, Kyle C" sort="Cavanaugh, Kyle C" uniqKey="Cavanaugh K" first="Kyle C." last="Cavanaugh">Kyle C. Cavanaugh</name><name sortKey="Edwards, Matt" sort="Edwards, Matt" uniqKey="Edwards M" first="Matt" last="Edwards">Matt Edwards</name><name sortKey="Estes, James A" sort="Estes, James A" uniqKey="Estes J" first="James A." last="Estes">James A. Estes</name><name sortKey="Kenner, Michael C" sort="Kenner, Michael C" uniqKey="Kenner M" first="Michael C." last="Kenner">Michael C. Kenner</name><name sortKey="Konar, Brenda" sort="Konar, Brenda" uniqKey="Konar B" first="Brenda" last="Konar">Brenda Konar</name><name sortKey="Kushner, David J" sort="Kushner, David J" uniqKey="Kushner D" first="David J." last="Kushner">David J. Kushner</name><name sortKey="Micheli, Fiorenza" sort="Micheli, Fiorenza" uniqKey="Micheli F" first="Fiorenza" last="Micheli">Fiorenza Micheli</name><name sortKey="Novak, Mark" sort="Novak, Mark" uniqKey="Novak M" first="Mark" last="Novak">Mark Novak</name><name sortKey="Rassweiler, Andrew" sort="Rassweiler, Andrew" uniqKey="Rassweiler A" first="Andrew" last="Rassweiler">Andrew Rassweiler</name><name sortKey="Reed, Daniel C" sort="Reed, Daniel C" uniqKey="Reed D" first="Daniel C." last="Reed">Daniel C. Reed</name><name sortKey="Steneck, Robert S" sort="Steneck, Robert S" uniqKey="Steneck R" first="Robert S." last="Steneck">Robert S. Steneck</name><name sortKey="Witman, Jon D" sort="Witman, Jon D" uniqKey="Witman J" first="Jon D." last="Witman">Jon D. Witman</name></noCountry><country name="Canada"><noRegion><name sortKey="Krumhansl, Kira A" sort="Krumhansl, Kira A" uniqKey="Krumhansl K" first="Kira A." last="Krumhansl">Kira A. Krumhansl</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Okamoto, Daniel K" sort="Okamoto, Daniel K" uniqKey="Okamoto D" first="Daniel K." last="Okamoto">Daniel K. Okamoto</name><name sortKey="Salomon, Anne K" sort="Salomon, Anne K" uniqKey="Salomon A" first="Anne K." last="Salomon">Anne K. Salomon</name><name sortKey="Watson, Jane" sort="Watson, Jane" uniqKey="Watson J" first="Jane" last="Watson">Jane Watson</name></country><country name="Afrique du Sud"><noRegion><name sortKey="Bolton, John J" sort="Bolton, John J" uniqKey="Bolton J" first="John J." last="Bolton">John J. Bolton</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Anderson, Robert J" sort="Anderson, Robert J" uniqKey="Anderson R" first="Robert J." last="Anderson">Robert J. Anderson</name><name sortKey="Anderson, Robert J" sort="Anderson, Robert J" uniqKey="Anderson R" first="Robert J." last="Anderson">Robert J. Anderson</name></country><country name="Australie"><noRegion><name sortKey="Connell, Sean D" sort="Connell, Sean D" uniqKey="Connell S" first="Sean D." last="Connell">Sean D. Connell</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Barrett, Nevell S" sort="Barrett, Nevell S" uniqKey="Barrett N" first="Nevell S." last="Barrett">Nevell S. Barrett</name><name sortKey="Edgar, Graham J" sort="Edgar, Graham J" uniqKey="Edgar G" first="Graham J." last="Edgar">Graham J. Edgar</name><name sortKey="Johnson, Craig R" sort="Johnson, Craig R" uniqKey="Johnson C" first="Craig R." last="Johnson">Craig R. Johnson</name><name sortKey="Ling, Scott D" sort="Ling, Scott D" uniqKey="Ling S" first="Scott D." last="Ling">Scott D. Ling</name><name sortKey="Wernberg, Thomas" sort="Wernberg, Thomas" uniqKey="Wernberg T" first="Thomas" last="Wernberg">Thomas Wernberg</name><name sortKey="Wernberg, Thomas" sort="Wernberg, Thomas" uniqKey="Wernberg T" first="Thomas" last="Wernberg">Thomas Wernberg</name></country><country name="Norvège"><noRegion><name sortKey="Norderhaug, Kjell M" sort="Norderhaug, Kjell M" uniqKey="Norderhaug K" first="Kjell M." last="Norderhaug">Kjell M. Norderhaug</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Moy, Frithjof E" sort="Moy, Frithjof E" uniqKey="Moy F" first="Frithjof E." last="Moy">Frithjof E. Moy</name></country><country name="Chili"><noRegion><name sortKey="Perez Matus, Alejandro" sort="Perez Matus, Alejandro" uniqKey="Perez Matus A" first="Alejandro" last="Pérez-Matus">Alejandro Pérez-Matus</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Buschmann, Alejandro H" sort="Buschmann, Alejandro H" uniqKey="Buschmann A" first="Alejandro H." last="Buschmann">Alejandro H. Buschmann</name><name sortKey="Buschmann, Alejandro H" sort="Buschmann, Alejandro H" uniqKey="Buschmann A" first="Alejandro H." last="Buschmann">Alejandro H. Buschmann</name><name sortKey="Vasquez, Julio" sort="Vasquez, Julio" uniqKey="Vasquez J" first="Julio" last="Vásquez">Julio Vásquez</name></country><country name="Portugal"><noRegion><name sortKey="Sousa Pinto, Isabel" sort="Sousa Pinto, Isabel" uniqKey="Sousa Pinto I" first="Isabel" last="Sousa-Pinto">Isabel Sousa-Pinto</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Sousa Pinto, Isabel" sort="Sousa Pinto, Isabel" uniqKey="Sousa Pinto I" first="Isabel" last="Sousa-Pinto">Isabel Sousa-Pinto</name></country><country name="Nouvelle-Zélande"><noRegion><name sortKey="Shears, Nick T" sort="Shears, Nick T" uniqKey="Shears N" first="Nick T." last="Shears">Nick T. Shears</name></noRegion></country><country name="France"><noRegion><name sortKey="Derrien Courtel, Sandrine" sort="Derrien Courtel, Sandrine" uniqKey="Derrien Courtel S" first="Sandrine" last="Derrien-Courtel">Sandrine Derrien-Courtel</name></noRegion></country><country name="Royaume-Uni"><noRegion><name sortKey="Goodwin, Claire" sort="Goodwin, Claire" uniqKey="Goodwin C" first="Claire" last="Goodwin">Claire Goodwin</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Nunn, Julia" sort="Nunn, Julia" uniqKey="Nunn J" first="Julia" last="Nunn">Julia Nunn</name></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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